Nutrasal PhosChol Liquid Concentrate -- (236.5ml) 8 oz.

Now Made with Dead Sea Magnesium Magnesium, L-arginine Cream is a smooth, quickly absorbed liposomal preparation of magnesium chloride, and L-arginine in a nourishing and moisturizing base of organic aloe, coconut oil and essential oils. The cream is fragrance free and does not contain artificial preservatives. Product Information Topically applied, magnesium may restore cellular magnesium levels, act as a cellular protectant, support detoxification, sooth aches and pains, and relieve stress.Topically applied L-arginine may help blood flow and circulation, especially in the hands and feet, as well as other sensitive areas for both men and women. ** Transdermal applications are recommended at just 5% of the recommended oral dose. Nutrasal applies over 30 years of experience and advanced pharmaceutical grade phospholipid technologies to create exceptional Liposome Delivery Systems (LipoZome� ) to apply to sublingual sprays, liquids, and topicals. Our pharmaceutical grade phospholipids and proprietary liposomal process combine to significantly enhance the absorption of active ingredients when taken orally, or applied topically to the skin. Our liposome encapsulated active ingredients are rapidly absorbed into the mucosal tissue of the mouth, and penetrate deep into the skin. The active ingredients are readily absorbed into the bloodstream and are able to circulate throughout the body in minutes.   LipoZome� technology can be used to convert conventional pills and tablets, into liquids, sublingual sprays, and topical applications, thereby enhancing Tmax and Cpmax and overall bioavailability. The result is enhanced therapeutic outcomes as compared to conventional dosage forms that travel through the digestive tract. Liposomes have been known within the scientific community for decades as effective carriers of biologically active ingredients used to target specific sites of action. Nutrasal�s unique and versatile LipoZome� Active Delivery Systems are a next generation liposome that can be used for a variety of applications in OTC drug products, cosmetic, personal care, and dietary supplements.

What is Micro D-3 w KTM?Micro D-3 w/ KTM is an optimized form of Vitamin D3 in a base of Vitamin K2 and Trace Minerals. And, unlike other Vitamin D, Micro D-3 w/ KTM is superior in particle size, delivery technology, absorption and bioavailability. Product Information Vitamin D-3 doses have been steadily increasing from 400 IU to 2000 IU per day. And, in many cases, Doctors and Healthcare Professionals are recommending doses in excess of 5000 IU per day. Because Micro D-3 w/ KTM leverages the power of our new breakthrough delivery system (M.E.D.S Technology), you can get up to 10 times more vitamin D into the blood and body when compared to ordinary soft gelatin capsules and other liquid formulations. What is M.E.D.S Technology?M.E.D.S Technology is our new and advanced way to solubilize lipids or lipophilic actives for dietetic applications. Our technology utilizes smart, gentle and environmentally friendly methods, and adheres to a strict philosophy of using only natural and safe materials. The result is an unsurpassed delivery and bioavailability of essential fat soluble vitamins and nutrients such as Vitamin D-3.M.E.D.S Technology�s superior qualities include:- All Natural Ingredients- Smaller particle sizes (30-60nm)- No synthetic emulsifiers - Enhanced nutritional, physiological, and organoleptic profile Multiple Studies Validate:M.E.D.S Technology can withstand the harsh stomach environment, maintain it�s small particle size, cover a very large surface area, significantly increase bioavailability as well as deliver maximum concentrations of a desired nutrient faster and over a longer period of time. Vitamin D-3 - An Indispensable Ingredient For Optimal HealthVitamin D-3 is really a requisite vitamin for attaining all around good health. Yes, it is good for building strong healthy bones, but its role is so much more dynamic and complex. Without vitamin D, cells can not function properly and our brains could never have fully developed. Vitamin D can protect our brain as well. Vitamin D is a powerful antioxidant, it can increase neuron glutathione, and protect against neuro inflammation. Studies show that most people, regardless of longitude and seasonal changes, are vitamin D deficient. Low levels of Vitamin D can have consequential adverse effects. The elderly are especially at risk and should have Vitamin D levels checked regularly to ensure the highest possible level is being reached and maintained. *Conclusions The role of Vitamin D-3 in the body is both holistic and physiological. Often overlooked beyond bone health, vitamin D is essential for reaching and maintaining all around optimal wellness. Optimized Micro D-3 w/ KTM is the most bioavailable form to effectively and safely increase vitamin D-3 levels. *   Sub Micron Emulsion Delivery SystemM.E.D.S Technology is a new and advanced way to solubilize lipids or lipophilic actives for dietetic applications. Our technology utilizes smart, gentle and environmentally friendly methods. And, what clearly differentiates our M.E.D.S Technology is that it adheres to a strict philosophy of using only natural and safe materials. Nutrasal�s primary area of expertise is phospholipids, and one of the most essential components of M.E.D.S superior delivery capability is the use of highly purified phosphatidylcholine (PC). Purified PC is especially important in our process as it is the principle phospholipid responsible for increases in absorption.Using sophisticated and proprietary techniques as well as special formulations we are able to produce transparent emulsions with lipid concentrations up to 30%. Additionally, our technology is able to produce stabile emulsions with very small �micro� particles, which are also a primary determinant of bioavailability. Combined with purified PC, which is well known for its absorption properties, M.E.D.S Technology creates a powerful All-Natural based carrier and absorption system.What separates M.E.D.S Technology from the others?M.E.D.S Technology is currently the only one that exclusively uses All-Natural ingredients. As a result, we are able to produce truly unique product forms. Our technology creates stabile, transparent emulsions with a particle or droplet size between 30-60nm. M.E.D.S Technology�s superior qualities include:- All Natural Ingredients- Smaller particle sizes- No synthetic emulsifiers - Enhanced nutritional, physiological, and organoleptic profileOther technologies require high concentrations of surfactants or solvents like ethanol, propylene glycol, or propanol, etc. and have a limited region of existence that dramatically restricts their use. M.E.D.S Tech produces better results than other technologies and does not require any synthetic ingredients. Advantages and Benefits of M.E.D.S Technology Include:- No preservatives necessary- No Synthetics- Hydrophilic (water loving) solutions- Contains only all natural, physiologically safe and non-GMO- ingredients of vegetable origin - Does not contain alcohol in contrast to other formulations- Outstanding stability compared to conventional emulsions and- mixed micelles- Consistently small particle sizes below 100nm increases - absorption and bioavailability of the active ingredients (up to 10x)Multiple Studies Validate Superior Results Multiple Studies Validate Superior ResultsLaboratory StudiesIn lab studies we subjected our micro emulsions to changing pH values. Results showed our oral preparations could remain stable and withstand gastric environments with a low pH between 1-2. To mimic the environment in the Human Stomach our M.E.D.S CoQ10 was diluted with hydrochloric acid of different molarities and hence different pH values. Changes in particle size and distribution were measured over a 3 hour period to ensure the nutrient would have passed through the stomach. The results were extremely favorable and showed only a very slight increase in particle size during the holdup time of 3 hours at different pH values. No phase separation was observed. Therefore the criteria for improved bio-availability remained valid � small particle sizes and a large surface area distribution. Clinical Studies Clinical studies with human subjects using both CoQ10 and Vitamin E demonstrated increased pharmacokinetics in plasma. After a randomized, one day kinetic, single dose cross over design study with 23 healthy volunteers, significant increases in bioavailability of both the CoQ10 and Vitamin E was proven in comparison to the pure product administered in powdered filled capsules. In both cases our M.E.D.S formulations exhibited a time and plasma concentration advantage over the powdered capsule forms. The powdered CoQ10 capsules showed peak values after 6 hours and a return to near baseline after 14 hours. In addition, total concentration time curves showed a negative profile indicating a very poor absorption. Compared to our M.E.D.S formulation these results are extremely poor. In Contrast, our M.E.D.S CoQ10 began to show significant increases after two hours with a visible two peak pattern obtaining a peak maximum at 6 hours. However, rather than returning to baseline, our formulation stayed well above baseline after 14 hours. Our Vitamin E formulation demonstrated similar results to our CoQ10 and when compared to the pure capsule form our M.E.D.S solution excelled on every metric. According to the pharmacokinetic parameters for Concentration Maximums and Time Maximums (time at which maximum concentrations are achieved), and Area Under the Curve from 0-14 hours; our M.E.D.S formulations demonstrated a significantly faster and higher increase in comparison to control preparations. In total, the bio-availability of our CoQ10 was 5 times higher and our Vitamin E was 10 times higher when compared to the purified substances in capsules. Animal StudiesIn animals, our M.E.D.S (solubilized form) CoQ10 was compared with a non-solubilized CoQ10. Our M.E.D.S liquid form administered orally was compared to a purified powdered form administered in capsules and was followed by collecting blood samples at different times. The results of the plasma concentrations showed that our liquid M.E.D.S formulation, when compared to the powdered CoQ10 at 100% was significantly higher by 68 percent. ConclusionFor the first time, our M.E.D.S Tech formulations are able to significantly increase the delivery and performance of fat soluble (lipophilic actives of poor bio-availability) nutrients in an all natural, stabile, physiologically safe, and preservative free preparation. Our laboratory data shows that M.E.D.S formulations are stable when exposed to pH levels similar to human gastric juices. Furthermore, in animal studies, the bio-availability of our formulations was superior to pure powdered forms. Studies with human subjects verify a very fast response and a significantly higher bio-availability. M.E.D.S formulations are capable of reaching maximum concentrations of a desired nutrient faster and extend over a longer period of time.

PhosChol – Premium Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) Formula for Cellular Support PhosChol — a trusted healthcare practitioner brand in the USA since 1982 Key Features: Formulated with highly purified polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) – a vital component of cell membranes Contains choline, which contributes to normal liver function and normal lipid metabolism* Designed to help maintain the structure and integrity of liver, gut, and brain cells Supports cellular processes involved in membrane regeneration and maintenance Plays a role in normal cellular metabolism and biochemical balance May help restore SAMe levels, supporting the body's natural detoxification pathways and antioxidant defences Contributes to the body's defence against oxidative stress within liver cells* PhosChol is a high-purity PPC supplement, developed to support the structural and functional integrity of cell membranes – which are essential for the healthy function of every cell in the body, including those in the liver, gut, and brain. Many individuals incorporate PPC as part of a balanced nutritional routine aimed at supporting long-term wellness. Support your cells from the inside out — try PhosChol PPC today. Recommended Use:Take approximately 2/3 to 1 full teaspoon (5 mL) daily(5 mL provides approximately 3 grams of PPC) Note:  This product is a food supplement and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.Food supplements should not be used as a substitute for a varied and balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle.If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medication, or under medical supervision, please consult a healthcare professional before use.Keep out of reach of children. Do not exceed the recommended daily intake.

What is Micro D-3?Micro D-3 is an optimized form of Vitamin D. And, unlike other Vitamin D, Micro D-3 is superior in particle size, delivery technology, absorption and bioavailability.Vitamin D-3 doses have been steadily increasing from 400 IU to 2000 IU per day. And, in many cases, Doctors and Healthcare Professionals are recommending doses in excess of 5000 IU per day. What is Micro D-3?Micro D-3 is an optimized form of Vitamin D. And, unlike other Vitamin D, Micro D-3 is superior in particle size, delivery technology, absorption and bioavailability.Vitamin D-3 doses have been steadily increasing from 400 IU to 2000 IU per day. And, in many cases, Doctors and Healthcare Professionals are recommending doses in excess of 5000 IU per day. Because Micro D-3 leverages the power of our new breakthrough delivery system (M.E.D.S Technology), you can get up to 10 times more vitamin D into the blood and body when compared to ordinary soft gelatin capsules and other liquid formulations. What is M.E.D.S Technology?M.E.D.S Technology is our new and advanced way to solubilize lipids or lipophilic actives for dietetic applications. Our technology utilizes smart, gentle and environmentally friendly methods, and adheres to a strict philosophy of using only natural and safe materials. The result is an unsurpassed delivery and bioavailability of essential fat soluble vitamins and nutrients such as Vitamin D-3.M.E.D.S Technology�s superior qualities include:- All Natural Ingredients- Smaller particle sizes (30-60nm)- No synthetic emulsifiers - Enhanced nutritional, physiological, and organoleptic profile Multiple Studies Validate:M.E.D.S Technology can withstand the harsh stomach environment, maintain it�s small particle size, cover a very large surface area, significantly increase bioavailability as well as deliver maximum concentrations of a desired nutrient faster and over a longer period of time. Vitamin D-3 - An Indispensable Ingredient For Optimal HealthVitamin D-3 is really a requisite vitamin for attaining all around good health. Yes, it is good for building strong healthy bones, but its role is so much more dynamic and complex. Without vitamin D, cells can not function properly and our brains could never have fully developed. Vitamin D can protect our brain as well. Vitamin D is a powerful antioxidant, it can increase neuron glutathione, and protect against neuro inflammation. Studies show that most people, regardless of longitude and seasonal changes, are vitamin D deficient. Low levels of Vitamin D can have consequential adverse effects. The elderly are especially at risk and should have Vitamin D levels checked regularly to ensure the highest possible level is being reached and maintained. *Conclusions The role of Vitamin D-3 in the body is both holistic and physiological. Often overlooked beyond bone health, vitamin D is essential for reaching and maintaining all around optimal wellness. Optimized Micro D-3 is the most bioavailable form to effectively and safely increase vitamin D-3 levels. *   Sub Micron Emulsion Delivery SystemM.E.D.S Technology is a new and advanced way to solubilize lipids or lipophilic actives for dietetic applications. Our technology utilizes smart, gentle and environmentally friendly methods. And, what clearly differentiates our M.E.D.S Technology is that it adheres to a strict philosophy of using only natural and safe materials. Nutrasal�s primary area of expertise is phospholipids, and one of the most essential components of M.E.D.S superior delivery capability is the use of highly purified phosphatidylcholine (PC). Purified PC is especially important in our process as it is the principle phospholipid responsible for increases in absorption.Using sophisticated and proprietary techniques as well as special formulations we are able to produce transparent emulsions with lipid concentrations up to 30%. Additionally, our technology is able to produce stabile emulsions with very small �micro� particles, which are also a primary determinant of bioavailability. Combined with purified PC, which is well known for its absorption properties, M.E.D.S Technology creates a powerful All-Natural based carrier and absorption system.What separates M.E.D.S Technology from the others?M.E.D.S Technology is currently the only one that exclusively uses All-Natural ingredients. As a result, we are able to produce truly unique product forms. Our technology creates stabile, transparent emulsions with a particle or droplet size between 30-60nm. M.E.D.S Technology�s superior qualities include:- All Natural Ingredients- Smaller particle sizes- No synthetic emulsifiers - Enhanced nutritional, physiological, and organoleptic profileOther technologies require high concentrations of surfactants or solvents like ethanol, propylene glycol, or propanol, etc. and have a limited region of existence that dramatically restricts their use. M.E.D.S Tech produces better results than other technologies and does not require any synthetic ingredients. Advantages and Benefits of M.E.D.S Technology Include:- No preservatives necessary- No Synthetics- Hydrophilic (water loving) solutions- Contains only all natural, physiologically safe and non-GMO- ingredients of vegetable origin - Does not contain alcohol in contrast to other formulations- Outstanding stability compared to conventional emulsions and- mixed micelles- Consistently small particle sizes below 100nm increases - absorption and bioavailability of the active ingredients (up to 10x)Multiple Studies Validate Superior Results Multiple Studies Validate Superior ResultsLaboratory StudiesIn lab studies we subjected our micro emulsions to changing pH values. Results showed our oral preparations could remain stable and withstand gastric environments with a low pH between 1-2. To mimic the environment in the Human Stomach our M.E.D.S CoQ10 was diluted with hydrochloric acid of different molarities and hence different pH values. Changes in particle size and distribution were measured over a 3 hour period to ensure the nutrient would have passed through the stomach. The results were extremely favorable and showed only a very slight increase in particle size during the holdup time of 3 hours at different pH values. No phase separation was observed. Therefore the criteria for improved bio-availability remained valid � small particle sizes and a large surface area distribution. Clinical Studies Clinical studies with human subjects using both CoQ10 and Vitamin E demonstrated increased pharmacokinetics in plasma. After a randomized, one day kinetic, single dose cross over design study with 23 healthy volunteers, significant increases in bioavailability of both the CoQ10 and Vitamin E was proven in comparison to the pure product administered in powdered filled capsules. In both cases our M.E.D.S formulations exhibited a time and plasma concentration advantage over the powdered capsule forms. The powdered CoQ10 capsules showed peak values after 6 hours and a return to near baseline after 14 hours. In addition, total concentration time curves showed a negative profile indicating a very poor absorption. Compared to our M.E.D.S formulation these results are extremely poor. In Contrast, our M.E.D.S CoQ10 began to show significant increases after two hours with a visible two peak pattern obtaining a peak maximum at 6 hours. However, rather than returning to baseline, our formulation stayed well above baseline after 14 hours. Our Vitamin E formulation demonstrated similar results to our CoQ10 and when compared to the pure capsule form our M.E.D.S solution excelled on every metric. According to the pharmacokinetic parameters for Concentration Maximums and Time Maximums (time at which maximum concentrations are achieved), and Area Under the Curve from 0-14 hours; our M.E.D.S formulations demonstrated a significantly faster and higher increase in comparison to control preparations. In total, the bio-availability of our CoQ10 was 5 times higher and our Vitamin E was 10 times higher when compared to the purified substances in capsules. Animal StudiesIn animals, our M.E.D.S (solubilized form) CoQ10 was compared with a non-solubilized CoQ10. Our M.E.D.S liquid form administered orally was compared to a purified powdered form administered in capsules and was followed by collecting blood samples at different times. The results of the plasma concentrations showed that our liquid M.E.D.S formulation, when compared to the powdered CoQ10 at 100% was significantly higher by 68 percent. ConclusionFor the first time, our M.E.D.S Tech formulations are able to significantly increase the delivery and performance of fat soluble (lipophilic actives of poor bio-availability) nutrients in an all natural, stabile, physiologically safe, and preservative free preparation. Our laboratory data shows that M.E.D.S formulations are stable when exposed to pH levels similar to human gastric juices. Furthermore, in animal studies, the bio-availability of our formulations was superior to pure powdered forms. Studies with human subjects verify a very fast response and a significantly higher bio-availability. M.E.D.S formulations are capable of reaching maximum concentrations of a desired nutrient faster and extend over a longer period of time.  

LipoZome C is a highly absorbed preparation of Vitamin C, Vitamin B12 (methycobalamin) and L-Argine. Formulated with our LipoZome technology for increased absorption and bioavailability. Product Information Only 5mL of Liposomal C & B12 delivers 1000mg of Vitamin C and 1000mcg of Vitamin B12. Both of theses nutrients are in high demand. Vitamin C may help to support a healthy immune system, cardiovascular system, eye health, pediatric health, and skin wrinkles.*Vitamin B12 may help to support a number of systems including, neurologic, immunologic, vascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, hematologic, among others.*L-argnine is supplied at approximately 550mg per 5mL. L-arginine is converted in the body into a chemical called nitric oxide. Nitric oxide causes blood vessels to open wider for improved blood flow. L-arginine also stimulates the release of growth hormone, insulin, and other substances in the body.* Nutrasal applies over 30 years of experience and advanced pharmaceutical grade phospholipid technologies to create exceptional Liposome Delivery Systems (LipoZome� ) to apply to sublingual sprays, liquids, and topicals. Our pharmaceutical grade phospholipids and proprietary liposomal process combine to significantly enhance the absorption of active ingredients when taken orally, or applied topically to the skin. Our liposome encapsulated active ingredients are rapidly absorbed into the mucosal tissue of the mouth, and penetrate deep into the skin. The active ingredients are readily absorbed into the bloodstream and are able to circulate throughout the body in minutes.   LipoZome� technology can be used to convert conventional pills and tablets, into liquids, sublingual sprays, and topical applications, thereby enhancing Tmax and Cpmax and overall bioavailability. The result is enhanced therapeutic outcomes as compared to conventional dosage forms that travel through the digestive tract. Liposomes have been known within the scientific community for decades as effective carriers of biologically active ingredients used to target specific sites of action. Nutrasal�s unique and versatile LipoZome� Active Delivery Systems are a next generation liposome that can be used for a variety of applications in OTC drug products, cosmetic, personal care, and dietary supplements.

PhosChol is the Gold Standard in pharmaceutical grade PPC (polyenylphosphatidylcholine). It is the only 100 percent purified source of PPC and delivers the highest concentration of 1,2 DLPC. DLPC is the molecule that is both quantitatively and qualitatively responsible for the the superior therapeutic effects of PPC. No other products compare. PhosChol is the holistic and physiological way to optimal health and wellness Doctor Recommended PhosChol is 100 percent pure polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), with up to 52% DLPC. In fact, PhosChol delivers the highest available concentrated source of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC). No other product can compare. We encourage you to take the time to learn about PhosChol and discover why PhosChol may be just what your body needs. We recommend speaking with your doctor about the many health benefits of PhosChol and to determine if PhosChol is right for you. If you are seeking a safe and proven alternative than PhosChol may be what you are looking for. Your doctor may not know about PhosChol and how it may be able to help you. When speaking with your doctor about PhosChol, we recommend providing them with a copy of the PhosChol brochure. You can download a copy of the PhosChol brochure or request a brochure be sent to you. Most doctors who learn about PhosChol, usually prescribe it to their patients! Over 100 million daily doses have been sold worldwide, with no known side effects, contraindications, or interactions. PhosChol is trusted even with long-term use. PhosChol is a 100 percent pure source of polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) and an oral therapy for use as a membrane therapeutic. With its special ingredient 1,2-dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (up to 52%), PPC is theoretically of importance in all disorders in which damaged membrane structures, reduced phospholipid levels and/or decreased membrane fluidity are present. This hypothesis is supported by experimental and clinical investigations on various membrane-associated disorders and illnesses. Pharmacological investigations, a broad range of clinical trials, and other available data on PPC and its different modes of action, demonstrate that PPC acts primarily through its influence on membranes. As cell membrane changes and damages occur in many disorders, PPC�s therapeutic approach in man is a physiological and holistic one. The Gold Standard -PhosChol is the first and only 100% pure source of Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC). -PhosChol delivers 900mg of purified PPC per softgel capsule, and 3 grams of purified PPC per measured teaspoon of liquid concentrate. -PhosChol delivers more than seven times the PPC content of any other store brand. -PhosChol contains up to 52% DLPC. -PhosChol may enhance cell membrane related physiological processes. -PhosChol is bio-available (greater than 90% absorption), and contains no other phosphatides that compete for absorption. -PhosChol is safe and clinically proven effective. -PhosChol is trusted and recommended by doctors.   In numerous studies, purified polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) has been shown to: -Help sustain healthy cardiovascular levels -Support hepatocyte protection -Help maintain membrane fluidity -Aid in Gastric Mucosal Protection (from NSAIDs damage) -Provide neuronutrient support -Boost the immune system and protect against opportunistic infections -Improve Physical Performance PhosChol: A Membrane Therapeutic for Liver Disturbances According to the intensity of exposure to noxae, malnutrition or viruses, liver damage may manifest itself as: -acute and chronic hepatitus -fatty liver -liver cirrhosis -others PPC is a superior protectant against liver damage. Irrespective of the origin, damage to liver cell membranes and to their organelles is generally present in hepatopathies. Metabolic functions of the liver cell and the activity of enzymes bound to membranes are inhibited, thus causing the clinical picture of liver disorders. References: Zierenberg, O. and Grundy, S.M., J. Lipid. Res., 23:1136 (1982). Dargel R. et al., Z. Gastroenteral. 29 (Suppl. 2):18 (1991). Lekim, D. and Betzing, H., Arzneimit Forsch, 2: 1772 (1976). Indovina, J. et al., Epatologica, 27:261 (1981). Navder K. P. and Lieber C. S., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 291:1109 (2002). M�ting, D. et al., Verh. Dtsch. Ges. innere Med., 78:1389 (1972). Kuntz, H. D. it al., Med. Welt., 29:452 (1978). Chanussot, F. and Benaoel, L., Life Sciences 73:381 (2003). Saratikov A.S. and Vengerovskii A.I., Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 127:392 (1999). Alliet, J. et al., L�Quest Medical, 29:85 (1976). Holecek, M. et al., in: Liver and Drugs 1994 edt. by J. Holoman and J. Glasa. Progress in Hepato-Pharmacol. 1:202 (1995).   What is PhosChol?PhosChol® is the first and only, all natural, soy-derived 100 percent pure source of polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC). PhosChol® is an oral therapy for use as a membrane therapeutic. With its special ingredient 1,2-dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (up to 52%) it is theoretically of importance in all areas in which damaged membrane structures, reduced phospholipid levels and/or decreased membrane fluidity are present. This is a hypothesis, which is supported by experimental and clinical investigations on various membrane-associated disorders and illnesses.What is a Phospholipid?PhosChol™ is comprised of pure polyenylphosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid commonly found in soybean lecithin. Chemically speaking, phospholipids are the active component in lecithin. Compared to a typical fat or triglyceride (“Tri”meaning three fatty acids attached) phospholipids normally contain two fatty acids and in place of the third fatty acid they have a phosphorous containing head group. A phospholipid is unique because its fatty acid tails like oil and its head group likes water. When a phospholipid comes in contact with water, it spontaneously forms what is commonly referred to as a bilayer structure. The bilayer functions as the “skin” or “membrane” of living cells and organelles.Another crucial component of a phospholipid is the type of fatty acids attached to it. A phospholipid such as soy-derived polyenylphosphatidylcholine is rich in linoleic and linolenic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acids that provide “fluidity” to the cell membrane. Maintaining membrane fluidity is crucial, as the membrane is central to the majority of cellular activities.What is PhosChol most used for? Pharmacological investigations, a broad range of clinical trials, and other available data on PPC and its different modes of action, demonstrate that PPC acts primarily through its influence on membranes. As cell membrane changes and damages occur in many disorders, PPC’s therapeutic approach in man is a physiological and holistic one.Purified PPC aids the body in many ways. It is important to remember that PPC is an essential nutrient comprising approximately (65%) of every cell membrane in your body.PhosChol is often recommended to: (among other uses) Help manage and sustain healthy lipid levels Provide neuronutrient support Help to maintain and improve membrane fluidity Support hepatocyte protection, function and regeneration Aid in Gastric Mucosa Protection – “Leaky Gut Syndrome” brought on by the use of NSAIDs, Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs like Ibuprofen and Naproxen Boost immune system strength Purified PPC is commonly used for:Acute and chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis; intoxications; fatty degeneration of the liver of any origin; cholestasis; prophylaxis of gallstone formation; radiation syndrome; pre-and postoperative care, especially in liver/gallbladder surgery; dyslipoproteinemia (hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia); atherosclerosis; coronary, cerebral, and peripheral circulatory disturbances; angina pectoris; condition following myocardial infarction, and apoplexy; hypertension due to sclerosis; vascular diseases, especially in diabetes mellitus; nephritic syndrome; pre-operative treatment for the prevention of thrombo-embolism.Is PhosChol safe and are there any potential side effects?From the toxicological investigations, from safety pharmacology, and from the general pharmacodynamic effects of PPC (the active substance in PhosChol) it is evident that this extract is safe and non-toxic.In over fifty years of use, and in thousands of animal and clinical studies, PPC has been proven safe and reliable.Over 30 million daily doses of PhosChol have been sold worldwide, and according to a rough estimation a total of 350 million daily doses of PPC (used in a similar European product) were sold in Germany between 1954 and 2000 and approximately 600 million daily doses globally.No manifestations of intoxication or overdosing have been reported. There are neither contraindications nor precautions to be observed in the administration of the preparation.What if I am taking other medications?PhosChol is generally well tolerated and can be taken with other medications. If you are prescribed a medication while taking PhosChol or wish to take PhosChol while on another medication, it is always best, and we strongly recommend that you notify your physician.You can request a brochure to show to your Physician or you can have your physician or primary care giver contact us for any of their informational needs. We will be happy to assist them.Doctors who learn about PhosChol usually recommend it.How much PPC is one dose of PhosChol?PhosChol has a PPC content of 900mg (~1 gram) per softgel capsule, and 3000mg (~3 grams) per teaspoon in the liquid concentrate.Recommended Dosage and AdministrationThe recommended daily dose is 2-3 capsule – once daily, or 2/3 to a 1 full tsp. of liquid concentrate – once daily. To be swallowed whole during meals with a little liquid if required. (PhosChol may be taken on an empty stomach, no irritability has been reported)Is PhosChol safe during Pregnancy?PhosChol is often recommended during pregnancy and post pregnancy. As a nutritional supplement PhosChol is an aid to good health and guards against low blood choline levels. PhosChol provides a preferred source of highly bio-available choline.Because choline is so important in membrane development and repair, it is transported across the placenta from the mother to the fetus by a 1:14 ratio. Similarly, the choline concentration in mother's milk is over 100 times the level in the maternal bloodstream. Thus, the requirement for choline appears to be especially high in women during pregnancy and lactation. Because of the heightened requirement for choline, it is likely that both pregnant and lactating mothers, who are not taking choline supplements, have lower serum choline concentrations than non-pregnant women.Given the role of choline in memory and cognitive function and the diversion of choline from the mother to the fetus, it is speculated that the periodic lapses in memory and mental acuity often experienced by pregnant and lactating mothers may be related to lowered choline levels.Are There any Similar Products like PhosChol Available in the Market?There are no similar products available in North America. PhosChol is the only 100% pure source of PPC available in North America. And, only PhosChol delivers up to 52% dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC). No other product can compare. A product similar to PhosChol has been used in Europe as a pharmaceutical (approved by the Bfarm) for over 50 years. During this time, millions of Europeans and Asians have enjoyed the healthy membrane therapeutic benefits of purified PPC. Discover why so many people have added all natural, 100% pure PhosChol to their daily supplement program.I’ve heard choline in small and in large doses can cause fishy body order – can this happen with PhosChol?PhosChol is an all natural, soy-derived 100% pure source of polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC). PhosChol provides the body with a preferred source of bio-available choline and will not cause fish body odor, even at extremely high doses.Other products are either phospholipid complexes or choline salts. The complexes contain only about a third of the PPC in PhosChol. And, the other phospholipids they contain compete with PPC for absorption.Choline salts are processed differently by the body than PPC reducing the actual amount of pure choline available and often resulting in objectionable fishy body odor.PhosChol is a natural alternative to synthetic choline salts and can fulfill the dietary reference or adequate intake (AI) for Choline. And, no energy consuming Polyenylphosphatidylcholine synthesis from choline is necessary.Is PhosChol A Drug?PhosChol® is not a drug. PhosChol is an all natural soy-derived dietary supplement. The United States Food and Drug Administration does not permit Nutrasal to make any claim “to…diagnose, mitigate, treat, cure, or prevent a specific disease or class of diseases,” and no such claim is being made.Is PhosChol GMO Free?The short answer is yes. Disclaimer: * These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.  These products are designed to supplement a healthy diet and lifestyle, and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Always consult with a healthcare professional before using any dietary supplement, particularly if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, have a medical condition, or are taking medication. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose. Keep out of the reach of children. If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use and consult a healthcare provider.

Cerebra-GPC is 100% Purified PhosChol with the fatty acids removed. It is a simple formulation of purified GPC and water, which comes together as a clear, concentrated, sweet tasting solution that is easy to administer to adults and children. What is Cerebra GPC? GPC is a safe, stable, and rapidly absorbed source of free choline, which easily enters the brain and has many functions in the body. It is important for the structural integrity of cell membranes, cholinergic neurotransmission, transmembrane signalling, methyl metabolism, and lipid-cholesterol transport and metabolism. Choline is a precursor for phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, platelet-activating factor, betaine, and other phospholipids. A Positive Influence on Neurotransmission Acetylcholine decline coincides with advancing age, and is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease. Even in the absence of diseases such as Alzheimer's and vascular dementia, aging brains lose cholinergic receptors; structures within the nerves that receive and propagate the messages transmitted by acetylcholine. Evidence suggests that by increasing levels of acetylcholine in the brain, cognitive deficits and brain structure changes related to ageing may be reversed. GPC is believed to prevent and ameliorate dementia, memory loss and learning difficulties because it accelerates the biosynthesis of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine. Additionally, GPC may protect and facilitate communication between nerves through its effect on receptors for nerve growth factor. GPC has been shown to stimulate the release of the neurotransmitter, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). And, administration of GPC was influential in making more GABA available to brain cells. In various studies, GPC has been directly compared to some popular nootropic substances such as oxiracetam and acetyl-L-carnitine. Cognitive improvement among GPC patients was similar to those seen in patients taking oxiracetam. Tests directly comparing the GPC to acetyl-L-carnitine demonstrated that GPC delivers superior cognitive benefits. Conclusions Supplementation of GPC provides a good source of safe, stable, and readily absorbed choline for enhancing cholinergic metabolic functions such as neurological and mental performance. GPC should be considered as an essential nutrient in any integrated anti-ageing and/or brain restoration protocol. At this time there are no known side effects, contraindications or interactions. Ingredients are GRAS and should be well tolerated even with long term use. GPC is a nutrient present in all mammalian cells and other life forms. It is a rapidly absorbed source of choline, which easily enters the brain and has many functions in the body. Choline is important for the structural integrity of cell membranes, cholinergic neurotransmission, transmembrane signalling, methyl metabolism, and lipid-cholesterol transport and metabolism [1]. Choline is a precursor for phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, platelet-activating factor, betaine, and other phospholipids (Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) 1998). Choline speeds the synthesis and release of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter involved in numerous important functions in the body. Choline is an essential nutrient since the de novo synthesis of choline is not always sufficient to meet human requirements for choline. The FNB established various Adequate Intake levels (AI) for choline based on gender/age groups. Table 1 lists the AI levels established by the Food and Nutritional Board. The Adequate Intake for pregnancy and lactation was established as 450 mg/day and 550 mg/day, respectively (FNB, 1998). Table 1 shows that the Adequate Intake of choline is about 550 mg/day for men and 425 mg/day for women. Choline in the diet is available as free choline or is bound as esters such as phosphocholine, GPC, sphingomyelin, or phosphatidylcholine. It should be noted that foods that are good sources of choline and choline esters are typically higher in fat and/or cholesterol. Many Americans, in view of recommendations from various private and government public health organizations, are decreasing fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol in their diet. The consumption of less fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol will lead to a concomitant decrease in choline intake. The de facto intake of choline and choline compounds were examined during the Framingham Offspring Study in several thousand men and women and showed that the general dietary intake of choline as free form and as compounds is about 312 mg/day for men and 314 mg/day for women [2]. Total choline intake was calculated as the sum of intake from free choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine and lecithin. Thus, the addition of choline and choline precursors to certain foods may compensate for a possible deficit in choline. Choline is a vitamin-like, essential nutrient. But free choline is poorly bioavailable and unstable in the water phase. GPC is a physiological form of choline in the body. Figure 2 shows the metabolic pathway of choline and GPC. Cerebra GPC is water soluble and able to efficiently increase choline levels in the blood and the brain. Cerebra GPC is recommended at 500mg to 1000mg of pure GPC per day, which is equivalent to 200 - 400 mg free choline. Safety of GPC GPC is a choline precursor like lecithin and choline salts. Commercial lecithin, phosphatidylcholine, choline bitartrate, and choline chloride are also precursors of choline and are all generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (21 CFR � 182,184). GPC is a naturally occurring food component. Table 2 lists the content of free choline, GPC, and other naturally present choline esters in common foods (mg choline moiety per 100 g food) [6]. Table 2 shows that GPC is the predominant choline component in foods such as milk, dairy products (e.g., cheese), olive oil, oat bran, and bananas. The average intake of GPC in the subjects participating in the Framingham Offspring Study was 54�21 mg/day [2]. Additional GPC is formed in the body by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine from food by phospholipase A in the gut mucosa. GPC is also an important component in human milk, with a concentration of 362�70 �mol/l as derived by the mean of 16 women [3]. GPC is a nutrient present in all mammalian cells and other life forms. It is a rapidly absorbed source of choline, which easily enters the brain and has many functions in the body. Choline is important for the structural integrity of cell membranes, cholinergic neurotransmission, transmembrane signalling, methyl metabolism, and lipid-cholesterol transport and metabolism [1]. Choline is a precursor for phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, platelet-activating factor, betaine, and other phospholipids (Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) 1998). Choline speeds the synthesis and release of acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter involved in numerous important functions in the body. Choline is an essential nutrient since the de novo synthesis of choline is not always sufficient to meet human requirements for choline. The FNB established various Adequate Intake levels (AI) for choline based on gender/age groups. Table 1 lists the AI levels established by the Food and Nutritional Board. The Adequate Intake for pregnancy and lactation was established as 450 mg/day and 550 mg/day, respectively (FNB, 1998). Table 1 shows that the Adequate Intake of choline is about 550 mg/day for men and 425 mg/day for women. Choline in the diet is available as free choline or is bound as esters such as phosphocholine, GPC, sphingomyelin, or phosphatidylcholine. It should be noted that foods that are good sources of choline and choline esters are typically higher in fat and/or cholesterol. Many Americans, in view of recommendations from various private and government public health organizations, are decreasing fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol in their diet. The consumption of less fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol will lead to a concomitant decrease in choline intake. The de facto intake of choline and choline compounds were examined during the Framingham Offspring Study in several thousand men and women and showed that the general dietary intake of choline as free form and as compounds is about 312 mg/day for men and 314 mg/day for women [2]. Total choline intake was calculated as the sum of intake from free choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine and lecithin. Thus, the addition of choline and choline precursors to certain foods may compensate for a possible deficit in choline. Choline is a vitamin-like, essential nutrient. But free choline is poorly bioavailable and unstable in the water phase. GPC is a physiological form of choline in the body. Figure 2 shows the metabolic pathway of choline and GPC. Figure 2: Metabolic pathway of GPC [3]. Cerebra GPC is water soluble and able to efficiently increase choline levels in the blood and the brain. Cerebra GPC is recommended at 500mg to 1000mg of pure GPC per day, which is equivalent to 200 - 400 mg free choline. Safety of GPC GPC is a choline precursor like lecithin and choline salts. Commercial lecithin, phosphatidylcholine, choline bitartrate, and choline chloride are also precursors of choline and are all generally recognized as safe (GRAS) (21 CFR � 182,184). GPC is a naturally occurring food component. Table 2 lists the content of free choline, GPC, and other naturally present choline esters in common foods (mg choline moiety per 100 g food) [6]. Table 2: Choline concentrations in common food in mg choline moiety/100 g food [6]. food Choline GPC Phospho- choline Phosphatidyl- choline Total choline 2 % milk 2.82 9.98 1.58 1.15 16.40 Cheese half & half 3.92 8.48 1.17 1.71 16.82 Sour cream 4.73 8.08 1.26 3.51 20.33 Yoghurt, plain 2.32 9.10 1.65 1.04 15.20 Olive oil 0.02 0.28 ND ND 0.29 Bananas 3.20 5.60 0.51 0.44 9.76 Fin fish � Atlantic cod 17.73 30.04 1.57 32.90 83.63 Oat bran, raw 4.41 33.25 0.68 20.23 58.57 Beef liver 56.67 77.93 11.77 247.75 418.22 Table 2 shows that GPC is the predominant choline component in foods such as milk, dairy products (e.g., cheese), olive oil, oat bran, and bananas. The average intake of GPC in the subjects participating in the Framingham Offspring Study was 54�21 mg/day [2]. Additional GPC is formed in the body by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine from food by phospholipase A in the gut mucosa. GPC is also an important component in human milk, with a concentration of 362�70 �mol/l as derived by the mean of 16 women [3].Metabolic Studies The bioavailability of choline and choline esters from milk was studied in a rat-pup model [7]. 15-day-old rat pups were fed infant formula, labeled with approximately 15,725 Bq of either 14C-choline, 14C-phosphocholine, 14C-GPC, or 14C-phosphatidylcholine. Stomach content, blood, and tissues were analyzed for the different choline species at different time points. The disappearance of the radiolabel in the stomach was similar for choline, phosphocholine and GPC. There was a 3-fold decrease in all labels at 30 min post incubation. At 4 h post incubation there was essentially no label present in the stomach contents. Disappearance of phosphatidylcholine-derived label in stomach contents was slower than for the other three labels. It took 8 h before a 3-fold decrease was observed and more than 12 h before this label disappeared from the stomach contents. In the GI tract, choline-, GPC-, and phosphocholine-derived labels were similar, and the total area under the curves were significantly different from the phosphatidylcholine-derived label. The labeled choline compounds were absorbed and distributed to the GI tract, liver, blood, and brain of the rat pups. The appearance and disappearance of choline-, GPC-, and phosphatidylcholine-derived labels were similar. In the liver, phosphocholine appeared and disappeared more rapidly than did the other labels. Labels from all of the water-soluble forms of choline reached maximum levels within 4 h; phosphocholine label did so by 1 h. Phosphatidylcholine appeared much more slowly than did the other labels and was still accumulating at 24 h post dose. In the liver, the total area under the curve was significantly different for each label over the time periods studied. Different choline-containing compounds were formed in liver from choline-, phosphocholine-, GPC-, and phosphatidylcholine-radio labeled infant formula. In liver at 4 h post treatment, choline (Table 3), phosphocholine-, and GPC-derived label were present in the greatest amount as betaine, with phosphocholine being the next most common metabolite formed. Phosphatidylcholine-derived label was principally associated with phosphatidylcholine in liver. By 24 h in liver (Table 4), choline and phosphocholine label was mainly present as betaine, with a small amount of phosphatidylcholine formed. No choline- and phosphocholine-derived label was present as choline, GPC, or phosphocholine. GPC-derived label was present as betaine, with some choline, GPC and phosphatidylcholine also being formed. Phosphatidylcholine-derived label was present mainly as phosphatidylcholine in liver with some betaine and phosphocholine formed. These data indicate that in liver GPC was metabolized differently than free choline and phosphatidylcholine. GPC seems to offer a sustained liberation of choline for further metabolism. The absorption, distribution, and excretion after single doses of radio labeled GPC ([14G]-GPC, labeled in the glycerol part of the molecule, and [14C]-GPC, labeled in the choline-part of the molecule) were also extensively studied in rats [8]. The blood and plasma kinetics and the excretion and tissue distribution of GPC were investigated after oral (100-300 mg GPC/kg) and i.v. (10 mg GPC/kg) uptake. The blood and plasma concentration of [14G]-GPC reached a maximum between 2-4 h after oral intake of 100 mg/kg. For [14C]-GPC, the peak concentration was obtained after 24 h. The GPC concentrations for both labeled forms stayed above the baseline during the 72 h of investigation. The tissue distribution of radioactivity was examined 3 h and 72 h after oral administration. After 3 h the radioactivity of [14G]-GPC peaked in the gut, corresponding to 18-20 % of the administered dose. The concentration in liver and kidney were respectively about twice the concentration of the blood levels, equivalent to 2-6 % of the dose. Furthermore, 3 h after oral intake of [14C]-GPC, the liver contained the highest level of radioactivity (5-11 % of the dose). Other tissues with radioactivity levels higher than blood were the kidneys (1-1.5% of the dose), spleen and lung. The total radioactivity in the gut was 2-3 % of the administered dose. Brain radioactivity was about half that found in blood. After 72 h the total remaining radioactivity for both labeled GPC-forms was spread over most tissues and organs, but values higher than blood levels were found in liver, kidneys, lung, and spleen. The brain-to-blood distribution of radioactivity was also measured time-dependently. After [14G]-GPC, the time courses of blood and brain concentrations were almost parallel within 32 h of dosing. For [14C]-GPC, brain radioactivity increased slowly up 24 h and then remained constant up to the end of the experiment. Within this plateau it amounted about 50 % of blood radioactivity. Another experiment, with 300 mg/kg GPC orally administrated showed that the radioactivity was registered in the brain as phosphatidylcholine. This suggests that choline from GPC enters the brain and is reused for biosynthesis of phospholipids. The excretion of labeled GPC during 72 h was also investigated. Renal and fecal excretion was comparable to the G- and C-labeled compounds, but low (10 % of the dose). By far the largest part of the administered radioactivity was exhaled as 14CO2, in accordance with established catabolic pathways of glycerol and choline degradation. This study showed that in the rat, GPC is hydrolyzed to choline and glycerol-3-phosphate. Some metabolic studies in men from the literature will be described:A comparative study of free plasma choline levels following intramuscular administration of l-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine and citicoline in normal volunteers [9] l-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC) is a recently developed cognitive enhancer whose mode of action is considered to involve the release of free choline, which is then utilized for acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in the brain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the profile of free plasma choline levels following a single i.m. dose of alpha-GPC in 12 normal volunteers. Citicoline (CTC), which also acts as a choline precursor, was included for comparison purposes. Each subject was studied on three randomized occasions, (i) on a control day in the absence of drug administration (to evaluate the plasma level profile of endogenous choline); (ii) after i.m. alpha-GPC (1,000 mg); and (iii) after i.m. CTC (1,000 mg), respectively, with a washout period of at least 1-week between sessions. Blood samples for plasma choline HPLC determinations were collected at regular intervals over a 6-h period. In the control session, plasma choline levels remained stable during the sampling period. The administration of alpha-GPC was associated with a rapid rise in plasma choline, peak levels being usually observed at the first (0.25 h) or second (0.5 h) sampling time after the injection. Thereafter, the concentration of choline declined gradually and returned to near baseline values at the end of the observation period. After the administration of CTC, plasma choline levels showed a similar time course, but were considerably lower than those observed after the administration of alpha-GPC.Pharmacokinetics of choline alfoscerate in the healthy volunteer [10] This was a pharmacokinetic study of i.m., i.v., and oral dosing with GPC. Four healthy volunteers aged 19-24 years received GPC 1000 mg i.v., then subsequently i.m., then by mouth, then received a placebo by mouth, in four separate sessions separated by 1-week washouts. During each session blood was sampled periodically over 10 hours. With i.v. administration of GPC, plasma total choline peaked at 5 minutes and returned to baseline by 4 hours. With i.m. administration, plasma total choline peaked at 0.5 hours and returned to baseline by 6 hours. With oral GPC, plasma total choline peaked at 3 hours, at a concentration slightly less than half that reached by i.m. administration. But with oral GPC, the plasma total choline remained above baseline at 10 hours. The investigators concluded that i.v. and i.m. GPC both delivered virtually identical total plasma doses (AUC, area under the curve), and that oral administration delivered about half this amount. Clinical Studies Several clinical studies showed that the tolerability of GPC was very good, even when administered in very high doses for a long term. Numerous clinical studies have described the effects of high oral or parenteral doses of GPC on several neuronal disorders:Multi-center study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs. ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type [11] A multi-center, randomized, controlled study compared the efficacy of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC) and ST200 (acetyl-l-carnitine) among 126 patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) of mild to moderate degree. Efficacy was evaluated by means of behavioural scales and psychometric tests. The results showed significant improvements in most neuropsychological parameters in the alpha-GPC recipients. Improvements also occurred in the ST200 recipients, but to a lesser extent. Tolerability was good in both groups. These positive findings require replication in larger, double-blind, longitudinal studies coupling clinical and biological evaluations.Multi-center clinical study of efficacy and tolerability of choline alfoscerate in patients with deficits in higher mental function arising after an acute ischemic cerebrovascular attack [12] A total of 320 patients suffering mental decline after a cerebral ischemic attack received GPC 1000 mg i.m. once daily for 28 days, then 1200 mg by mouth for another 20 weeks. GPC significantly improved neurologic measures by week 4 (p<0.0001). By week 24, the various cognitive and global clinical assessment scales showed a �large improvement� of the mental status of the patients.Clinical study of the therapeutic effectiveness and tolerability of choline alfoscerate in 15 subjects with compromised cognitive functions subsequent to acute focal cerebral ischemia [13] This was a small open trial that followed the usual GPC stroke protocol. Eleven patients of average age 74 years received GPC 1000 mg i.m. once daily for 28 days, then 1200 mg orally daily for at least another 20 weeks. On various rating scales (Mathew, MMSE, SCAG, the Psychic Evaluation Scale), GPC significantly improved results with regard to memory, anxiety, emotional lability, sociability, spatial orientation, aspects of language, eye deviation, confusion, vigilance, and general mental sharpness. Two patients complained of slight, transitory heartburn but did not withdraw from the trial. At 6 months the physicians judged 10/11 of the patients as showing results excellent to fairly good, while 10/10 patients judged themselves as having excellent to fairly good. Thus, in 5 open trials completed with 2,972 patients variously afflicted by stroke, a regimen of 1 month of intramuscular GPC followed by 5 months of oral intake produced clinically remarkable improvement. Given that the patients were generally too ill to be given placebos, the degrees of clinical improvement over the 6-month trial periods were well above those predictable as placebo effects. Many patients showed accelerated improvement within the first 2-4 weeks and continued to improve over the remaining 5 months. The physicians as well as the patients uniformly judged GPC to be very well tolerated.Effect of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine [14] The present study was carried out to test the effects of l-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (l-alpha-GFC) on memory impairment induced by scopolamine in human subjects. Thirty-two healthy young volunteers were randomly allocated to four different groups. They were given a ten-day pre-treatment with either l-alpha-GFC or placebo, p.o., and on the eleventh day either scopolamine or placebo, i.m. Before and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after injection, the subjects were given attention and mnemonic tests. The findings of this study indicate that the drug is able to antagonize impairment of attention and memory induced by scopolamine.Changes in the interaction between CNS cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons induced by l-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, a cholinomimetic drug [15] The present study investigates the cholinomimetic properties of the drug l-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC) at the CNS level. Experiments using tritium-labelled alpha-GPC indicate that the drug reaches the brain after i.p. and p.o. administration. In order to study the cholinomimetic properties of this drug, an indirect functional index of cholinergic activation was used. In fact cholinergic agonists induce an activation of striatal dopaminergic output. Administration of alpha-GPC, both i.p. and p.o., increased striatal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content. In addition, the in vitro K+-stimulated dopamine release was increased in rats treated in vivo with alpha-GPC. Since alpha-GPC has a weak displacing activity in QNB binding, the in vivo cholinergic activity might be due to the fact that this drug may increase the availability of choline for acetylcholine synthesis leading to increased acetylcholine production. This activity may be useful in those situations such as aging in which cholinergic activity is deficient.Choline alfoscerate in the treatment of mental disorder after acute cerebrovascular accident [16] An Italian multi-center trial involved 425 patients aged 45-85 years, who were recruited from 44 centers distributed throughout the country. All the patients had suffered cerebral ischemic attacks (stroke, TIA, or acute cerebral ischemia) within the previous 10 days. It was another open trial, since the patients were too severely afflicted to be subjected to placebo treatment. Patients who scored 35 or below on the Mathew Scale were eligible for the trial, but comatose patients were not, nor were those not expected to live or judged unable to comply over the 6-month period of the trial. As per the typical GPC stroke protocol, treatment proceeded in two phases, first by giving GPC 1000 mg i.m. in-hospital daily for 28 days, then switching to GPC 1200 mg by mouth for 5 more months (400 mg 3 times per day). Upon completion of the GPC i.m. phase, there was an average improvement on the Mathew Scale of 18.56 % (11.5 points, from 62.02 to 73.53). This was statistically highly significant over baseline. A 20 % or greater improvement was seen in 168 (39.5 %) of the patients. By this measure the more impaired, older patients (65-85 years) were more likely to benefit than were the younger patients 45-64 years). During the second phase, after discharge (GPC oral, for 5 months), evaluation was based on clinical interviews and three assessment scales were used. On the MMSE for cognitive functions, there was a 12.3 % improvement (from 21.53 at week 5 to 24.19 at 6 months). A 20 % or greater improvement was seen in 126 patients (29.7 %). On the Global Deterioration Scale, there was an average 20.2 % improvement. A 20 % or greater improvement was seen in 180 patients (42.3 %). On the Crichton Geriatric Rating Scale, which assesses mainly behavioural functioning, there was an average 19.5 % improvement. A 20 % or greater improvement was seen in 166 patients (39.1 %). The researchers judged GPC to be effective and well tolerated both parenterally and orally. They noted that despite the many drugs with which GPC was co-administered, no single GPC-drug interaction was observed clinically or in laboratory tests. GPC's benefits were consistent, and spanned functional state as well as performance and social behavior. With the possible exception of the MMSE (at 12.3 %), the degrees of improvement from GPC on the various scales were well above that expected from a placebo, namely 12 % in at least 20 % of such patients.Conclusion Glycerophosphocholine is a natural, physiological, water-soluble and stable precursor of choline. It is part of the daily nutrition and its levels are reduced on account of changed dietary composition. The fortification of different foods with GPC can supply GPC and choline as readily absorbed nutrients for enhancing cholinergenic metabolic functions such as neurological and mental performance. References: [1] Canty D.J., Zeisel S.H., Jolitz A.J., Lecithin and Choline � Research Update on Health and Nutrition. [2] Cho E., Zeisel S.H., Jaques P., Selhub J., Dougherty L., Colditz G.A., Dietary choline and betaine assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring Study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83: 905-911. [3] Holmes-McNary M.Q., Cheng W.-L., Nar M.-H., Fussell S., Zeisel S.H., Choline and choline esters in human and rat milk and in infant formulas. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1996, 64: 572-576. [4] Howe J.C., Williams J.R., Holden J.M., Zeisel S.H., Mar M.-H., USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods, March 2004. [5] Koc H., Mar M.-H., Ranasinghe A., Swenberg J.A., Zeisel S.H., Quantitation of Choline and Its Metabolites in Tissues and Foods by Liquid Chromatography(Electrospray Ionization-Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry 2002, 74(18): 4734-4740. [6] Zeisel S.H., Mar M.-H., Hove J.C., Holden J.M., Concentrations of Choline-Containing Compounds and Betaine in Common Foods. Human Nutrition and Metabolism 2003: 1302-1307. [7] Cheng W.-L., Holmes-McNary M.Q., Mar M.-H., Lien E.L. Zeisel S.H., Bioavailability of choline and choline esters from milk in rat pups, Nutritional Biochemistry 1996, 7: 457-464. [8] Abbiati G., Fossati T., Lachmann G., Bergamaschi M., Castiglioni C., Absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of radiolabeled compounds in rats after administration of [14C]-l-a-glycerylohosphorylcholine, Euro. J. Drug Metabol. Pharma 1993, 18(2): 173-180. [9] Gatti J. et al., A comparative study of free plasma choline levels following intramuscular administration of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine and citicoline in normal volunteers, Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. 1992, 30(9): 331-335. [10] De Moliner et al., Pharmacokinetics of choline alsphscerate in the healthy volunteer, Le Basi Raz. Ter. 1993, 23, Suppl. 3, 75. [11] Parnetti L,. Avate G., Bartorelli L., Cucinotta D., Cuzzupoli M., Maggioni M., Villardita C., Senin U., Multicenter Study of l-a-Glyceryl-Phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among Patients with Probable Senile Dementia of Alzheimer�s Type, Drugs & Aging 1993, 3(2): 159-164. [12] Gambi D., Onofrj M., Multicenter clinical study of efficacy and tolerability of choline alfoscerate in patients with deficits in higher mental function arising after an acute ischemic cerebrovascular attack, Geriatrica 1994, 6:91. [13] Tomasina C. et al., Clinical study of the therapeutic effectiveness and tolerability of choline alfoscerate in 15 subjects with compromised cognitive functions subsequent to acute focal cerebral ischemia, Rivista Neuropsi. Sci. Affini. 1996, 3(7): 21. [14] Canal et al., Effect of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine on amnesia caused by scopolamine. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxico. 1991, 29(3): 103-107. [15] Trabucchi et al., Changes in the interaction between CNS cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons induced by l-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, a cholinomimetic drug, Farmaco. Sci. 1986, 41(4): 325-334. [16] Aguglia E. et al., Choline alfoscerate in the treatment of mental pathology following acute cerebrovascular accident. Funct. Neurol. 1993; 8 (Suppl):5.