Natural Stacks - NEUROFUEL™ (45 caps/15 servings)

Dopamine Brain Food™ is designed to promote the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter essential to the central nervous system. Research suggests that the compounds in Dopamine Brain Food™ can improve attention and learning, as well as movement and balance. The benefits include: ● Increased mental alertness● Increased drive to accomplish tasks● Support for athletic performance This natural formula contains all the necessary precursors and cofactors for optimal dopamine metabolism. What is “brain food”? Neurochemistry, the chemical patterns and processes that cause your brain to function as it does, is highly complex. It varies significantly between individuals, and is heavily influenced by a large range of factors. Your diet, exercise habits, sun exposure, social group and genetics all have a role to play in your brain’s chemical behaviour. Most of us do not get enough of everything we need every day to keep our brain function 100% optimized. That’s why supplementing with brain food can give you such an edge. Brain food are natural nutrients that act as fuel for specific neurotransmitters in the brain. They can be taken daily to boost various states of optimal performance. By addressing any deficiencies or imbalances in the delicate neurological system, you can increase your ability to concentrate, regulate your energy, and balance your mood. The importance of Dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is associated with motivation, short-term memory, creativity and personality. It is metabolized into epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase alertness and attention. Abnormal dopamine levels can cause a wide range of diseases. Low levels are associated with Alzheimers, Parkinsons and depression. Getting your dopamine levels balanced and in an optimal range can have a profound influence on your health and quality of life. When your dopamine is being produced at the optimal pace, you will feel alert and engaged. Your mood will be stable and well balanced. You’ll feel calm and steady, while being able to think creatively and with total clarity. Complete Neurotransmitter Support The best way to optimize dopamine levels is to ensure that the necessary precursors and cofactors are available. These precursors and cofactors pave the way for your brain to produce and then use dopamine at an optimal rate. Dopamine Brain Food™ provides these essential compounds. It contains amino acid precursors (L-Phenylalanine & L-Tyrosine), dopamine metabolism cofactors and antioxidants (Vitamin B­6, Vitamin C, & Selenium), as well as specific nutrients to optimize the SAM cycle (Folate, Vitamin B­12, & Trimethylglycine). For Mental Alertness SUGGESTED USE: Take a serving of 2 or 3 capsules in the morning, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner. Do not take more than 3 capsules per day. Dopamine Brain Fuel works synergistically with CILTEP by ensuring that the increase in intracellular cAMP is supported for an extended period of time, leading to even more pronounced motivation and focus. U.S.A manufactured in a cGMP facility. Natural Stacks proudly uses only the highest quality ingredients. L-Phenylalanine As a precursor to dopamine, this essential amino acid is directly converted into phenylethylamine, an important neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. It is converted into L­tyrosine in the body by phenylalanine hydroxylase. It’s present in many foods such as eggs, meat and dairy. L-Tyrosine A non-essential amino acids found in many foods including meats and dairy that is converted by tyrosine hydroxylase into L-DOPA, the direct precursor to dopamine. Vitamin B­6 (Pyridoxal-5-phosphate) An essential vitamin that is also a necessary cofactor that is used by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase to convert L-DOPA into dopamine. Vitamin C(Quali-C®) A familiar essential vitamin and antioxidant found in high amounts in fruits. It is a co­factor that helps dopamine β­hydroxylase convert dopamine into noradrenaline. Vitamin C speeds up this conversion process and plays an important neuroprotective role. Folate (Quatrefolic® L-Methylfolate), Vitamin B­12 (Methylcobalamin), & Trimethylglycine(TMG) These nutrients help turn homocysteine into SAM-E by acting as cofactors and substrates for the SAM cycle. Creating optimal amounts of SAM-E is important, as it is a precursor to the body’s natural production of many beneficial endogenous substances such as creatine. It also provides the methylation fuel that turns noradrenaline in to adrenaline. Selenium An essential vitamin and antioxidant that protects cells and helps keep the brain’s levels of dopamine producing enzymes at optimal levels. Quali-C® is a registered trademark of DSM. Quatrefolic® is a registered trademark of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Dopamine Metabolism, by Abelard Lindsay Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is, among other things, associated with motivation, short-term memory, creativity and personality [1][2][3]. It is metabolized into epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase alertness and attention [4]. It must be properly balanced and metabolized for optimal benefit. Too much dopamine can result in manic states [5] and too little can cause depression and lack of motivation [6]. Dopamine metabolism can be metaphorically compared to a factory process where raw materials such as L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine, which are amino acids present in foods, are transformed by various workers (enzymes) who use various materials (cofactors) in each transformation step. The intermediate products of this metabolism are used to transmit signals through the body and the brain [7]. Unlike a regular factory, the intermediate products are the useful aspects of production and are used primarily in signaling. At the beginning of dopamine metabolism, the dietary amino acid L-Phenylalanine is converted into L-Tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase, and L-Tyrosine into L-Dopa by tyrosine hydroxylase. Studies suggest that tyrosine hydroxylase is upregulated by phosphorylated CREB, which is activated during cAMP/PKA driven long-term potentiation [8]. This is one of the theorized mechanisms of action of CILTEP. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity is the rate limiting step in this metabolic process [12]. Further down the metabolic chain from L-Tyrosine is L-Dopa, which is also available as a drug and in the supplement mucuna pruriens [13]. L-Dopa’s synthesis into dopamine is supported by the active form of vitamin B6, known as pyridoxal phosphate, commonly abbreviated as p5p , and the enzyme dopadecarboxylase [14]. Some intermediate products of dopamine metabolism act as an agonist at the TAAR1 receptor [15]. This receptor is primarily targeted by ADHD drugs [16]. It causes increases in cAMP levels in the cell [17]. Unlike forskolin, the aforementioned ADHD drugs cause efflux of stored dopamine into the synaptic cleft via modulation of the dopamine transporter protein known as DAT [18][19]. This efflux leads to increases in dopamine in the synaptic cleft, producing fast increases in arousal. From reading through a lot of anecdotal experiences and research, that it appears to be undesirable to rapidly raise neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft above a given baseline, as it can lead to excessive arousal and unbalanced cognitive effects. It’s better to help the “factory” produce optimally by supplying cofactors and optimally helping and directing each intermediate reaction and postsynaptic metabolic pathways. Another place that products from dopamine metabolism operate is in the dopamine receptors themselves. The D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 receptors all respond to dopamine in the brain and have various cognitive related effects. D2 receptors modulate prolactin, [20] which some studies suggest is linked to the male sexual refractory time [21]. Direct agonists for these receptors are usually in the class of dopamine agonist drugs that are sometimes prescribed for Parkinson’s symptoms [22][23][24]. D1 and D2 are involved in novelty detection [25] and sexual desire [26]. While D1 and D5 are involved in memory formation [27], D2 and D3 are associated with addiction [28] and compulsions [29]. D4 is involved with cognitive performance [30]. The various mood, addiction, compulsion and sexual influencing effects of dopamine agonists in the brain and various accounts of socially undesirable behavior under the administration of direct dopamine agonists [31] (usually in Parkinsons treatment) leads me to avoid the direct stimulation of these pathways. It appears that it is better to provide cofactors to aid and assist in metabolism along dopaminergic pathways than to directly activate receptors with agonists. However, direct agonists certainly have their uses. Dopamine is converted into norepinephrine with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as a cofactor via the enzyme dopamine b-hydroxylase. That is further converted to epinephrine via phenylethanolamine n-methyltransferase with SAMe as a cofactor. You can read more about SAMe in an earlier essay “The SAM Cycle And The Brain”. Dopamine can also be converted to the TAAR1 agonist 3Methoxytyramine via the enzyme COMT [32]. COMT inhibition is an interesting area of exploration in cognitive enhancement. There is a gene polymorphism, the val158met polymorphism, that influences the rate at which dopamine is processed into further metabolic intermediates via the COMT enzyme. The quick processing polymorphism is called val/val and the more slowly processing polymorphism is called met/met. In one study, participants with the val/val gene had lower scores on a memory test known as dual n­back [33]. Another study suggests that those with the met158 allele have better cognitive performance. To quote the study “The low activity met158 allele has been associated with improved working memory, executive functioning, and attentional control, but also with a higher risk of anxietyrelated behaviors” [34]. It is interesting to note that Luteolin is a substrate for COMT [35], so variations in the COMT allele might account for different anecdotal effects of Luteolin from artichoke extract. How we metabolize dopamine is a core contributor to mood and cognitive function.

Better For Your Brain*Formulated to outperform any other marine oil product on the market, Antarctic Krill Oil contains more DHA to achieve the optimal EPA / DHA balance for brain health.*Better For Your Heart*Astaxanthin is a rare but powerful natural ingredient produced by sea algae. Antarctic Krill Oil contains 700% more Astaxanthin than most krill oil products, helping to deliver superior heart health benefits.*[25]No AftertasteEach softgel of Antarctic Krill Oil is completely flavorless and made from fresh, high-quality oil. No after-taste. No rancidness. And no fish burps.Delivers a superior dose of Omega-3s for brain, heart, and joint health*Experience the gift of being able to move better, think better, and feel better. Omega-3s are present in all longevity-driven diets. However, we can rarely get enough in our standard foods. That’s why fueling the brain and body with key fatty acids primes it for optimal focus, memory, and cognitive function with each passing year.*A scientifically-proven superior option to fish oil [24]Don’t settle for the inferior choice. Your brain deserves only the best. Krill oil contains both DHA and EPA omega-3 fatty acids and the antioxidant astaxanthin. This makes it the superior option compared to fish oil supplements. These antioxidants support the brain directly and deliver premium support for healthy aging.*

Why is NeuroFuel™ Nootropic Different? Did you know you can upgrade your brain’s ability to learn and recall information? In your brain, there’s a molecule that influences learning and memory. It’s called cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate). This small molecule passes messages along from one cell to another. As you can imagine, supporting this process is essential for brain power. That’s exactly what NeuroFuel™ does.*   Cement Information Into Your Memory.* Ingredients in NeuroFuel™ – like vitamin B6 – may support concentration and memory.* Vitamins like this may contribute to sharp recall. That's why thousands of people use NeuroFuel™ to power through their workdays.   How to use  x25 servings Each bottle of Neurofuel contains 25 servings. Recommended daily serving is 3 capsules per day. 3 capsules/day as needed Take 3 capsules in the morning immediately upon waking on an empty stomach, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner. Do not take more than 3 capsules per day. For optimal benefit, we advise taking up to 5-6 days a week.

Serotonin Brain Food™ highlights: ● Happier, more stable moods● Improved gut health, digestion and physical wellbeing● No artificial ingredients, no GMOs, no gluten. What is “brain food”? Neurochemistry - the chemical patterns and processes that cause your brain to function as it does - is highly complex. It varies significantly between individuals, and is heavily influenced by a large range of factors. Your diet, exercise habits, sun exposure, social group and genetics all have a role to play in your brain’s chemical behaviour. Most of us do not get enough of everything we need every day to keep our brain function 100% optimized. That’s why supplementing with brain food can give you such an edge. Brain food are natural nutrients that act as fuel for specific neurotransmitters in the brain. They can be taken daily to boost various states of optimal performance. By addressing any deficiencies or imbalances in the delicate neurological system, you can increase your ability to concentrate, regulate your energy, and balance your mood. The importance of Serotonin Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with a sense of wellbeing and happiness, as well as a healthy appetite and digestive system, constricting smooth muscles, and transmitting impulses between nerve cells. Abnormal serotonin levels can cause serious problems, such as osteoporosis, poor libido, nausea, migraines, obesity and Parkinson’s disease. Low levels are associated with depression, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive behavior. Getting your serotonin levels balanced and in an optimal range can have a profound influence on your health and quality of life. When your serotonin is being produced at the optimal pace, you will feel calm and healthy. Your mood will be positive, stable, and well balanced. Complete Neurotransmitter Support The best way to optimize serotonin levels is to ensure that the necessary precursors and cofactors are available. These precursors and cofactors pave the way for your brain to produce and then use serotonin at an optimal rate for your particular physiology. Serotonin Brain Food™ provides these essential compounds. It contains an amino acid precursor (L-Tryptophan), serotonin metabolism cofactors (Vitamin B-3, Zinc, & Magnesium), and an herbal extract to reduce cortisol (Rhodiola Rosea). For A Positive Mood SUGGESTED USE: Take a serving of 2-3 capsules to support a positive mood, during situations of stress or irritability, or as directed by a healthcare practitioner. Avoid use in the evening. Do not exceed 2 servings per day. U.S.A manufactured in a cGMP facility. Natural Stacks proudly uses only the highest quality ingredients. L-Tryptophan As a precursor to serotonin, this essential amino acid is directly converted into 5-HTP. It’s found in many foods such as egg whites, soybean, and turkey. Vitamin B-3 (Niacinamide) An essential vitamin that is also a necessary cofactor for the proper catabolism of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and alcohol. It’s also closely involved in cell signaling and DNA repair. It’s used most extensively in the brain, gut and skin, which have a high cellular turnover rate. Our Vitamin B-3 source is a niacinamide, which has been carefully selected to be non-flushing - many other Vitamin B-3 sources are niacin, which can cause uncomfortable skin flushing. Magnesium (Magnesium Glycinate) Magnesium glycinate has a positive impact on attention, memory, and stress reduction. Utilizing the essential amino acid glycine, this form of magnesium has a calming effect on the brain. Zinc (Zinc Glycinate) Zinc glycinate is a critical factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. It supports optimal cell division and replication, improves healing times, and ensures proper growth patterns and sensory development. Rhodiola Rosea An herb native to the Arctic and northernmost parts of Europe and Central Asia, Rhodiola Rosea has been used in herbal medicine for many years. It’s associated with improvements in mood, reduced stress and depression, and overall increases in physical and mental well being and performance. Serotonin Metabolism, by Abelard Lindsay Serotonin is a neurotransmitter responsible for mood[1], fear[2], aggression[3] and anxiety[4]. It plays a large part in the digestive process as it interacts with neurons present in the gut[5]. Healthy serotonin levels allow one to be in the moment instead of becoming drawn into negative thought patterns. Where does serotonin come from? It starts with tryptophan. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin. It is found in many foods such as egg whites, soybean and turkey and is also available as a nutritional supplement[6]. It is converted into 5-HTP by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase(TH). TH is a key rate limiting enzyme that controls the production of 5-HTP in the body. TH comes in two variants. TPH1, which is present in the gut and the peripheral nervous system, and TPH2, which is primarily expressed in the central nervous system[7]. Serotonin outside the CNS is not particularly interesting for cognitive enhancement. It is however suspected that a lack or excess of serotonin in the digestive tract can lead to irritable bowel syndrome. Some drugs with antidepressant effects are actually used to control certain intractable digestive problems, presumably by having an effect on the neurochemical aspects of digestion[8]. Serotonin is an agonist for many different serotonin receptors in the brain. Many antidepressant drugs developed over the past 30 years, known as SSRIs, have been developed in order to keep serotonin active in the synaptic cleft by reducing the activity of the SERT enzyme[9]. The theory behind this is that stimulating serotonin receptors via increased synaptic serotonin will improve and alleviate depression[10]. Exercise, a well studied treatment for depression[11], has been investigated as a serotonin production enhancer through various mechanisms[12]. Serotonin is broken down and then processed into melatonin via methylation[13]. Melatonin is crucial for sleep. Methylation is also active in the dopamine system and breaks down norepinephrine to epinephrine. Supplementation of melatonin has been shown to increase serotonin in animal models[14]. Seasonal affective disorder, a form of depression caused by lack of sunlight in winter months, is tied to serotonin deficiency[15]. This is possibly due to excess melatonin production from serotonin as melatonin production is controlled by light exposure and the circadian rhythms[16]. Another system that has a profound effect on serotonin metabolism is regulated by the hormone cortisol. Cortisol pathways, which are induced by stress, cause an increase in serotonin reuptake, possibly contributing to depression[17]. Increased cortisol also may increase the production of N-formyl-L-kynurenine by increasing the activity of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase[18]. This pathway uses up L-Tryptophan in the eventual production of niacin instead of serotonin. Niacin is produced from tryptophan in competition with the serotonin pathway[19]. Supplementing niacin thus may free up tryptophan to be processed into serotonin. Magnesium is important in processing serotonin[20]. A correlation has been shown between low magnesium levels and depression[21]. Experimental evidence has also shown that magnesium is needed as a cofactor of tryptophan hydroxylase, which converts tryptophan into 5-HTP, a serotonin precursor, and magnesium is also needed for binding serotonin[22]. It also increases activity at the 5-HT1A serotonin receptor.[23] Zinc also enhances outcomes in unipolar depression[24]. The mechanism of action on serotonin is that it modulates uptake of serotonin into cells[25]. Herbs that have exhibited serotonin reuptake inhibition activity like St. John’s Wart[26] and herbs with observed MAO-A inhibition activity like resveratrol[27] are powerful increasers of serotonin and should only be used in situations where there is a significant deficiency. Berberine heavily influences the 5-HTT transporter[28] while having positive health benefits and being well tolerated over long periods of time. Serotonin is a regular and reliable system that responds to supplementation and has positive effects on mood and energy. There’s a huge difference between low levels of serotonin and optimal levels in how you think, feel and perform.